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Abstract: In this talk, we will describe some new ways of characterising Sobolev and BV functions, using sizes of superlevel sets of suitable difference quotients. They provide remedy in certain cases where some critical Gagliardo-Nirenberg interpolation inequalities fail, and lead us to investigate real interpolations of certain fractional Besov spaces. Some connections will be drawn to earlier work by Bourgain, Brezis and Mironescu, and an image processing application will be given. Joint work with Haim Brezis, Jean Van Schaftingen, Qingsong Gu, Andreas Seeger, Brian Street and Oscar Dominguez.